Compare grammar

Japanese particle and grammar comparisons.

Short side-by-side explanations for patterns learners commonly mix up.

Learn how は sets the topic while が identifies or emphasizes the subject.

Learn the difference between destination/result に and directional へ.

Learn when to use で for actions and に for existence, arrival or result.

Learn the difference between complete lists and example lists.

Learn the difference between continuing until a point and doing something by a deadline.

Learn two common ways to give reasons in Japanese.

Learn how nominalized clauses become subjects or objects.